Signposting
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Function
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Language
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Introducing the subject
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•
I'd like to start by...
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Let's begin by...
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First of all, I'll...
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Starting with...
•
I'll begin by...
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Finishing one subject...
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•
Well, I've told you about...
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That's all I have to say about...
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We've looked at...
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So much for...
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...and starting another
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•
Now we'll move on to...
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Let me turn now to...
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Next...
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Turning to...
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I'd like now to discuss...
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Let's look now at...
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Analysing a point and giving
recommendations
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•
Where does that lead us?
•
Let's consider this in more detail...
•
What does this mean for ABC?
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Translated into real terms...
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Giving an example
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•
For example,...
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A good example of this is...
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As an illustration,...
•
To give you an example,...
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To illustrate this point...
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Dealing with questions
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•
We'll be examining this point in more detail
later on...
•
I'd like to deal with this question later, if
I may...
•
I'll come back to this question later in my
talk...
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Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the
end...
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I won't comment on this now...
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Summarising and concluding
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•
In conclusion,...
•
Right, let's sum up, shall we?
•
I'd like now to recap...
•
Let's summarise briefly what we've looked
at...
•
Finally, let me remind you of some of the
issues we've covered...
•
If I can just sum up the main points...
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Ordering
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•
Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly...
•
First of all...then...next...after
that...finally...
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To start with...late
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Senin, 22 April 2013
Signposting
PUNCTUATION
PUNCTUATION
1. Uses of the
comma (,)
a. Use commas to separate
elements which might otherwise seem to run together
1. To Prevent a confused,
ambiguous, or awkward reading.
2. To separate two main clauses
joined by a coordinating
3. To separate elements in a
series
4. To separate contrast
elements in this, not that, construction
5. To separate directly quoted
material from such speech tags as HE, answered, She answered, we replied, etc.
6. To separate elements in
dates, addresses, and place names.
b. Use commas to set off an interrupting
construction.
1. To set off an appositive
2. To set off nouns of address
3. To set off conjunctive
adverbs and other transitional markers
4. To set off a nonrestrictive
modifier
c. Uses commas to mark an
inversion
1. To emphasize an inverted
element
2. To set off a long
introductory phrase or an adverbial clause preceding the main clause
Unused of the comma
a. Do not use a comma instead
of a period between sentences.
b. Do not use a comma between
closely related elements except to mark an interrupting construction
c. Do not use commas
excessively
2.
Uses of the semicolon (;)
a. Use a semicolon to separate closely related
independent clauses not connected by a conjunction.
b. Use a semicolon between
independent clauses joined by a transitional connective
c. Use semicolon to separate elements
in a series which contains internal commas.
Unuses of semicolon
a. Do not use a semicolon as
the equivalent of a colon
b. Do not use a semicolon as
the equivalent of a comma
3.
The Period (.)
a. A period is used to mark the
end of a declarative sentence
b. A period is used to mark an
accepted abbreviation
c. A period is used before a
decimal and between dollars and cents.
5. Question
(?) and Exclamation Marks (!)
a. The main use of the question
mark is to indicate that a sentences is to be understood as a question.
b. The exclamation mark is used
to show that a statement is imperative or that it is spoken with strong emotion.
6. Colon (:)
a. To indicate that something
is to follow, especially a formal statement or series.
b. In place of comma before long or formal direct quotations.
c. Before a clause which
restates the idea of the preceding clause in different words.
7. Quotation Marks ( “ “)
a. To enclose the actual words
of a speaker (direct discourse)
b. To identify words which are
being discussed as words.
c. To enclose the titles of
short stories, poems, paintings, songs, etc
d. In bibliography, to
distinguish the title of a selection from that of the book from which it is
taken
8. Single
quotations marks (‘ ‘) are used:
a. To mark quotations within
quotations
b. In type, as a substitute for
double quotation marks to improve the appearance of the page.
9. Punctuation with quotation marks
a. When the quoted words are
followed by a comma, put the comma inside the quotation marks.
b. A period, like a comma,
always goes inside the quotation marks
c. If the quotation is a
question, the question mark goes inside the quotation marks, if the whole
sentences is a question is not, the question mark goes outside.
d. The exclamation mark, like
question mark, goes inside if the quotation itself is an exclamation, otherwise
it goes outside.
e. Since the semicolon and the
colon almost never occur at the end of a quotation, they are always placed
outside the quotation marks.
f. When the dash is used to
stand for an omitted part of quotation,
it is included within the quotation marks
10. Apostrophe (’)
a. To indicate the possessive
case of nouns and some pronouns.
b. To indicate the omission of
letters or figures.
c. To indicate the plural of
letters or figures
11. Ellipsis (…) and Dash (-)
a. To stress a word or phrase
at the end of a sentence
b. To set off a summary or
conclusion to an involved sentence
c. To mark an interrupted or
unfinished construction
d. Use in pairs, dashes set off
a pronounced interruption.
12. Parentheses and Bracket ( )
a. To enclose an exclamation,
qualification, or example
b. To enclose cross-references.
c. In formal business
transactions, to repeat a sum previously stated in words.
Common Abbreviations
Common Abbreviations
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A.B.
|
Artium
Baccalaureus [Bachelor of Arts]
|
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abbr.
|
abbreviation(s),
abbreviated
|
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Acad.
|
Academy
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A.D.
|
anno
Domini [in the year of the Lord]
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alt.
|
Altitude
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A.M.
|
ante
meridiem [before noon]; Artium Magister [Master of Arts]
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AM
|
amplitude
modulation
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Assn.
|
Association
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at.
no.
|
atomic
number
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at.
wt.
|
atomic
weight
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Aug.
|
August
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Ave.
|
Avenue
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AWOL
|
absent
without leave
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b.
|
born,
born in
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B.A.
|
Bachelor
of Arts
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B.C.
|
Before
Christ
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b.p.
|
boiling
point
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B.S.
|
Bachelor
of Science
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Btu
|
British
thermal unit(s)
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C
|
Celsius
(centigrade)
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c.
|
circa
[about]
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cal
|
calorie(s)
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Capt.
|
Captain
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cent.
|
century,
centuries
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cm
|
centimeter(s)
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co.
|
County
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Col.
|
Colonel;
Colossians
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Comdr.
|
Commander
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Corp.
|
Corporation
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Cpl.
|
Corporal
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cu
|
Cubic
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d.
|
died,
died in
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D.C.
|
District
of Columbia
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Dec.
|
December
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dept.
|
Department
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dist.
|
District
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div.
|
Division
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Dr.
|
Doctor
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E
|
east,
eastern
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ed.
|
edited,
edition, editor(s)
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est.
|
established;
estimated
|
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et
al.
|
et
alii [and others]
|
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F
|
Fahrenheit
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Feb.
|
February
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fl.
|
floruit
[flourished]
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fl
oz
|
fluid
ounce(s)
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FM
|
frequency
modulation
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ft
|
foot,
feet
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gal.
|
gallon(s)
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Gen.
|
General,
Genesis
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GMT
|
Greenwich
mean time
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GNP
|
gross
national product
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GOP
|
Grand
Old Party (Republican Party)
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Gov.
|
Governor
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grad.
|
graduated,
graduated at
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H
|
hour(s)
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Hon.
|
the
Honorable
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hr
|
hour(s)
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i.e.
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id
est [that is]
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in.
|
inch(es)
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inc.
|
Incorporated
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Inst.
|
Institute,
Institution
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IRA
|
Irish
Republican Army
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IRS
|
Internal
Revenue Service
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Jan.
|
January
|
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Jr.
|
Junior
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K
|
Kelvin
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|
kg
|
kilogram(s)
|
|
km
|
kilometer(s)
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£
|
libra
[pound], librae [pounds]
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lat.
|
Latitude
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lb
|
libra
[pound], librae [pounds]
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Lib.
|
Library
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long.
|
Longitude
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Lt.
|
Lieutenant
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Ltd.
|
Limited
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m
|
meter(s)
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M
|
minute(s)
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|
M.D.
|
Medicinae
Doctor [Doctor of Medicine]
|
|
mg
|
milligram(s)
|
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mi
|
mile(s)
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min
|
minute(s)
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mm
|
millimeter(s)
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mph
|
miles
per hour
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Mr.
|
Mister
(always abbreviated)
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Mrs.
|
Mistress
(always abbreviated)
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Msgr
|
Monsignor
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mt.
|
Mount,
Mountain
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mts.
|
Mountains
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Mus.
|
Museum
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N
|
north;
Newton(s)
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NAACP
|
National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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NASA
|
National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
|
|
NATO
|
North
Atlantic Treaty Organization
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NE
|
Northeast
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no.
|
Number
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Nov.
|
November
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OAS
|
Organization
of American States
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Oct.
|
October
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Op.
|
Opus
[work]
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oz
|
ounce(s)
|
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pl.
|
Plural
|
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pop.
|
population
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pseud.
|
pseudonym
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|
pt.
|
part(s)
|
|
pt
|
pint(s)
|
|
pub.
|
published;
publisher
|
|
qt
|
quart(s)
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Rev.
|
Revelation;
the Reverend
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rev.
|
revised
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R.N.
|
registered
nurse
|
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rpm
|
revolution(s)
per minute
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RR
|
railroad
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S
|
south
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S
|
second(s)
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SEATO
|
Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization
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SEC
|
Securities
and Exchange Commission
|
|
sec
|
second(s);
secant
|
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Sept.
|
September
|
|
Ser.
|
Series
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Sgt.
|
Sergeant
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sq
|
square
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Sr.
|
Senior
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SSR
|
Soviet
Socialist Republic
|
|
St.
|
Saint;
Street
|
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UNICEF
|
United
Nations Children's Fund
|
|
uninc.
|
unincorporated
|
|
Univ.
|
University
|
|
U.S.
|
United
States
|
|
USA
|
United
States Army
|
|
USAF
|
United
States Air Force
|
|
USCG
|
United
States Coast Guard
|
|
USMC
|
United
States Marine Corps
|
|
USN
|
United
States Navy
|
|
USSR
|
Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics
|
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VFW
|
Veterans
of Foreign Wars
|
|
VISTA
|
Volunteers
in Service to America
|
|
vol.
|
volume(s)
|
|
vs.
|
versus
|
|
W
|
west;
watt(s)
|
|
WHO
|
World
Health Organization
|
|
wt.
|
weight
|
|
yd
|
yard(s)
|
|
YMCA
|
Young
Men's Christian Association
|
|
YWCA
|
Young
Women's Christian Association
|
Some common
abbreviations:
|
|
|
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)